Thursday, August 21, 2014

4. Accidents and emergencies.

A&E(Accidents and emergencies) normally consider an emergency to involve one or more of the following:
- loss of consciousness(의식 상실)
- heavy blood loss(심한 혈액 손실)
- suspected broken bones(의심 골절)
- chest pain lasting fifteen minutes or more(15 분 이상 지속되는 흉통)
- difficulty breathing(호흡 곤란)
- overdose or poisoning(과다 복용이나 중독)

Minor injuries that are not considered emergencies
- sprains, cuts, and grazes.
   grazes - a wound caused by rubbing that slightly breaks the surface of your skin.
                e.g. When you scrape your knee while you fall down from running.

사소한 부상은 응급 상황으로 간주되지 않습니다 .
- 염좌, 베임 및 찰과상.
    찰과상 - 약간 당신의 피부의 표면을 분해하는 마찰에 의한 상처.
                 예를 들면 달리는 도중 넘어졌을때 무릎에 긁힘 상처 


There are established procedure for dealing with casualties of major incidents such as terrorist attacks, large fires, and multiple road traffic accidents.  One of the first things is to determine who is a priority and needs to be treated immediately, and who can wait.  This is called triage.  One method is to color code patients like this:
테러, 대형 화재, 다중 교통 사고 등 주요 사고의 사상자를 처리하기위한 절차가 설정됩니다. 최초의 것들 중 하나는 사람이 우선 순위이며 즉시 치료해야하며 누가 기다릴 수 결정하는 것입니다. 이 부상자 명단이라고합니다. 한 가지 방법은 환자 색상 코드 입니다 :
- blue - patients who are severely injured and will die.
- 블루 - 심각하게 부상당한 환자 사망할수있다.
- red - patients who need immediate surgery or other life-saving action.
- 빨간색 - 즉시 수술이나 즉각적인 응급처치가 필요한 환자.
- yellow - patients who are stable but who will need hospital care.
- 노란색 - 안정되어 있지만, 병원 치료가 필요한 환자. 
- green - patients who will need to see a doctor, but not immediately.
- 녹색 - 의사의 진찰이 필요한 환자 그러나 즉시 할필요는 없는
- white - patients who only require first aid and home care.
- 흰색 - 간단한 응급처치 및 집에가도 되는사람

Exercise: Triage
There has been a terrorist bomb attack at a railway station, and you and your partner are among the first at the scene.  Use the triage categories above and decide with your partner how to classify each victim.

In Bold - possible answers
  • Child, about 11 - no bleeding - dazed and confused - doesn't squeeze hand when asked.  Red (possible severe shock or brain damage)
  • Pregnant woman - can walk and talk - some bleeding from head.  Green(minor head wound, but pregnant so should be examined)
  • Elderly man - very bloody leg - unconscious - no breathing - no pulse.  Blue(no signs of life)
  • Teenage girl - no signs of bleeding - coughing, and clear fluid coming from ears.  Red(fluid from ears in sign of skull fracture)
  • Man, mid-twenties - minor bleeding - conscious but not disorientated - slow breathing rate.  Yellow(walking wounded)
  • Woman, about 50 - walking around - says she cannot hear anything - has pains in the chest.  Yellow(not in imminent danger but may have internal injuries)
  • Teenage boy - cuts on face - very pale - sitting on the ground and falling asleep.  Red(change in skin color may indicate imminent breathing failure)
  • Young woman - no pulse - no bleeding - no response when you clear her airway.  Blue(signs indicate death)
  • Young woman - no signs of injuries - vomiting and constant shaking and will not stop crying - 30 breaths per minute.  Red(very fast breathing indicates imminent respiratory failure)
  • Middle-aged man - broken arm - large chest wound - unconscious - breathing erratic. Blue(serious injuries mean large blood loss, plus imminent respiratory failure)
  • Elderly woman - clear fluid running out of nose - walking around but is confused and angry.  Yellow(suffering shock but not severe)
  • Elderly woman - coughing up blood, severe pain in her chest and difficulty breathing.  Red(probably severe internal injuries)
  • Middle-aged man - has lost leg - massive bleeding - conscious and talking.  Red(serious blood loss)
  • Young man - bruises and some bleeding on arms and legs - confused and complaining of headache and ringing in the ears.  Green(no imminent danger but the ringing in the ears may mean head trauma)
  • Child, about four - clinging to his mother who is not injured - pale, with moist skin - rapid breathing and rapid pulse.  Red(imminent danger of respiratory failure)
  • Child, about four - lying on ground with black skin caused by burns - appears not to be in pain.  Red(serious burns)
  • Young woman - skin has painful red burnt areas - has cuts on her leg but walking.  White(burns and painful but minor)

Vocabulary
Imminent - (especially of something unpleasant) likely to happen very soon.
                   (나쁜 일이) 당장에라도 일어나려고 하는, 절박한




Working in A&E can be very stressful, and it is not uncommon for staff to suffer trauma, nightmares, and anxiety as a result of the emergencies they deal with.
A & E에서 작업하는 것은 매우 힘들수있으며, 그것은 그들이 다루는 비상 사태의 결과로 외상, 악몽, 불안을 경험하는 직원이 드물지 않다 할 수 있습니다.

Scrub up
You are in a light aircraft when it crashed into the jungle.  Your radio is broken so you can't call for help.  There are two of you and you must get ready to walk 100 kilometers to safety.  You already have clothes, food, and water.

당신은 정글에 추락 한 경비행기에 있습니다. 당신의 radio가  망가져서 당신은 도움을 
요청 할 수 없습니다. 거기는 당신과 다른 한 사람이 또 있습니다. 그리고 당신은 안전에 도달하기위해 100km를 걸어갈 준비를해야합니다. 당신은 이미 옷, 음식, 물을 가지고 있습니다.


You can take only ten more things with you - five from each list.  Discuss what to take with your partner and explain your reasons.

각각의 목록에서  - 당신은 다섯가지씩 고를수 있습니다.  당신의 동료와 함께 가지고 갈 그리고 그 이유를 설명하세요.

Medical
  - adhesive tape(스킨 테입) - many uses, not just medical (많이 사용됨, 의료용 이외)
  - disposable gloves(1회용 장갑) - for example : useful for storing water (물 담는 용도)
  - Morphine - there is nothing else to relieve a sick or injured person (몰핀 - 진통제)
  - hypodermic needles - to administer the Morphine (소독주사바늘 - 몰핀 혈관 주사)
 - a first aid manual (응급처치 메뉴얼)


General
  - a box of matches - essential for cooking, heating, and signalling 
    (성냥박스 - 요리에 필수적인, 온도 높이기 위한, 신호보내기) 
  - a compass - necessary in any featureless(특색 없는) environment 
    (나침반 - 특색없는 환경에서 필수적인 물품)
  - a knife - a blade(칼의 날) is necessary for all kinds of purposes
    (칼 - 칼날은 여러 목적에 있어 필수적이다.)
  - a cooking pot - heavy, but without it you'd be restricted to 
    unboiled water and raw food. 
  (냄비 - 무겁다 그러나 냄비없이는 물을 끓일수없고 조리되지 않은 음식을 먹어야한다)
  - soap - keeping clean is essential for health and morale(Positive spirit of the team)
   (비누 - 위생을 유지함에 있어 필수적이다) 


morale - the level of confidence and positive feelings that person have, especially people who work together, who belong to the same teams etc., 
  - good spirit of the team. (사기, 의욕)
  e.g. A win is always good for morale.


Vocabulary
First aid
1.  Work in pairs.  Discuss the questions.
     - Have you ever experienced a patient with blisters(물집, 수포)?
                Treatment:
                           - Make a hole at the edge of blister.           
                           - 물집의 가장자리에 구멍을 뚫는다.
                           - Use a sterilized needle of pin over flame.
(you sterilize the needle by putting it over heat)
                           - 불에 가열된 소독된 핀을 사용합니다.
                           - Keep skin intact to prevent infection.
                     - 감염을 방지하기 위해 피부를 그대로 유지합니다.
                           - Clear blister with gauze containing iodine/alcohol.
                           - 물집의 액체를 제거한후 베타딘/알콜 거즈를 올립니다.                          
                            - Apply antibiotics ointment.
                           - 항생 연고를 적용.
                           - Cover with adhesive bandage for small blister.
                           - 작은 물집에 대한 흡착성 드레싱 제제로 커버.
                           - Use porous, bandage for large ones.
                           - 큰 상처를 위한 다공성, 붕대를 사용합니다.




     - third-degree burns(제3도 화상, 심한 화상)?
            - The most serious burns involve all layers of the skin and cause permanent 
               tissue damage.  Fat, muscle even bone may be effected.  Areas may be
              charred black or appear dry and white.
           - 가장 심각한 화상은 피부의 모든 층을 포함하고 영구적인 조직 손상을 끼친다.
           심지어 지방, 근육, 뼈 또한 영향을 받을 수 있습니다.
           화상범위는 까맣게 검은 색 또는 피부건조와 창백함이 나타납니다.
            - Don't immerse large severe burns in cold water.  Doing so could cause                    
              a drop in body temperature(hypothermia: hypo - under, thermal - heat) and                
             deterioration of blood pressure and circulation(the person could experience
              shock)  Another words, if the blood pressure goes down too much and 
              the blood doesn't circulate properly, the person could experience shock,
              cardiac arrest(heart attack).
         - 화상범위가 크다면 차가운 물에 담그지 마십시오. 저체온증이 발생할수 있습니다.
           체온 저하 (hypothermia : 저자 - 아래 열 -)
          그렇게 한다면 저체온증과 혈압 저하 그리고 혈액순환이 감소할것입니다 (사람에 
         따라 쇼크 증세가 있을 수 있습니다.) 즉 다시 말해서 혈압이 너무 많이 내려간다면 
        그리고 혈액순환이 충분치 않다면 그 사람은 심장 마비로 사망할 수 있습니다.


            - Cover the area of the burn.  Use a cool, moist, sterile bandage; 
              clean, moist cloth; or moist cloth towels.
           - 화상범위를 노출시키지 마십시오(Open Wound 금지).
           시원하고 축축한 , 멸균 붕대를 사용한다 (깨끗하고 촉촉한 천, 또는 축축한 
           천으로 수건)


            - Get a tetanus shot(예방주사).  Burns are susceptible to tetanus(파상풍).
            - 파상풍 주사를 맞으세요 (예방 주사). 화상은 파상풍에 감염 될 수 있습니다.



                      
- severe bleeding?(과다출혈)
           - Have the injured person lie down.
           - 부상당한 사람을 눞이십시요.       
           - Cover the person to prevent loss of body heat.
           - 신체의 열 손실을 방지하기 위해 보온을 해라       
           - While wearing gloves, remove any obvious dirt or debris from the wound.
           - 장갑을 착용하는 동안, 상처 명백한 먼지 나 이물질을 제거합니다.        
           - Apply pressure directly on the wound until the bleeding stops.
           - 출혈이 멈출 때까지 상처에 직접적인 압력을 가한다.        
           - Use anything that can be put over the wound to stop or slow down 
             the flow of blood.  Maintain pressure by binding the wound tightly 
             with a bandage or clean cloth and adhesive tape...
          - 혈액의 흐름을 늦추거나 지혈할 수 있는 무었이든 상처에 사용하라.
        혈압을 유지할 수 있도록 상처를 붕대나 깨끗한 천 또는 접착성 Tape 으로 
        꽉 묶어라.
         - Don't remove the bandage.  Instead, add more absorbent material on top of it.
         - 붕대를 제거하지 마십시오. 대신, 그 위에 흡수성 재료를 추가합니다.
         - Keep the person warm until medical help arrives.  
           환자의 보온을 유지하라 의료진들이 올때까지.
       


2.  Complete each sentence with a word from the box.
1.   Sterilize a clean, sharp needle with alcohol.
2.   Make sure there is no glass or other foreign body(things that are 
      not part of the body) in the wound.
3.   Use the needle to puncture the blister.
4.   Don't remove burnt clothing.
5.   Squeeze a main artery if necessary.
6.   Keep the injured person lying down.
7.   Immobilize the injured body part once the bleeding has stopped.
8.   Treat the person for shock.
9.   Don't immerse severe large burns in cold water.
10. Check for signs of circulation.
11. Swab with Iodine or rubbing alcohol.
12. Apply antibiotic ointment and cover with a bandage.

1. 깨끗하게 소독하라, 날카로운 바늘은 알콜로 소독하라
2.상처에는 유리 또는 다른 이물질 (파편)가 없는지 확인합니다.
3. 물집에 구멍을 내기위해 바늘을 사용합니다.
4. 탄 의복을 제거하지 마십시오.
5. 필요한 경우 대동맥을 압박합니다. (가능한 마지막 수단으로 사용)
6. 부상자를 눕힙니다.
7.출혈이 중지되면 손상된 신체 부위를 고정시킨다.
8. 쇼크먹은 사람을 치료하다.
9. 차가운 물에 심한 큰 화상을 담그지 마십시오.
10. 순환 징후를 확인합니다.
11. 베타딘으로 두드려라.  또는 알코올 솜을 문질러라.

12 .항생 연고와 붕대를 적용합니다.


3.  Compare your answers with a partner.  Working together, decide which of the above instructions belong with each of these conditions.
     - a. blisters - 1,3,11,12
     - b. third-degree burns - 4,8,9,10
     - c. bleeding - 2,5,6,7

4.  Add an instruction of your own for each condition.


Language spot
Instructions
- To tell somebody what to do, you can use the Imperative
  (something that must be done urgently and to express order(명령)).
   e.g. Check for signs of circulation(혈액 순환의 징후를 확인하라).
           Apply the pads to his chest.

- To tell somebody what not to do, add Don't...
   e.g. Don't remove burnt clothing.

- To emphasize what is important, you can use Make sure...  (확실하게 하다)
  e.g. Make sure the wound is clean.
          Make sure you don't touch his body.

- When asking for instructions(설명), you can use the Present Simple, have to, shall, and should.
  e.g. What do I do now?
          Do I have to immobilize(못움직이게, 고정시키다) his leg? (to prevent someone or something from moving)
          Shall I take off the dressing(붕대) now? 
               (a special piece of material used to cover and protect a wound)
          What dosage((보통 약의) 정량, 복용량[투여량]) should I give him?
          

1.  Match the beginnings and endings of the sentences.
     1.  Check that the patient is breathing.
     2.  Make sure you use a sterile needle.
     3.  What do I count up to between breaths?
     4.  Don't let the patient try to stand up.
     5.  Should I put the burnt area under running water?
     6.  Shall I bandage the wound now?
     7.  Don't tie the bandage too tight!
     8.  What dosage shall I give her?
     9.  Take the patients pulse again.
    10. Where do I have to apply the pads?

1. 환자가 호흡하는지 확인합니다. 
2. 확실히 소독된 바늘을 사용해야합니다. 
3. 환자가 숨쉬는 사이에 몇번니나 세야 합니까? (Breathing Count) 
4.환자를 일으키려 하지 마세요. 
5. 상처부위에 흐르는 물을 부어야하나요?
6. 지금 상처에 붕대를 사용해야하나요? 
7. 붕대를 너무 꽉 묶지 마세요. 
8. 그녀에게 약을 얼마 만큼의 양을 주어야 하나요. 
9. 다시 환자의 맥박을 재라.
10. 패드를 어디에 적용해야합니까?


2.  Work in pairs.  Think of three emergencies a member of the public might have to deal with.  For each one, write three instructions to help them.  Tell your instructions to another pair.  They must guess the emergency.
      e.g.  loss of consciousness(의식을 잃은 상태)
                         1. Call 911.
                             911에 신고한다
                         2. Check the person's airway, breathing, and pulse frequently.  
                             환자의 기도, 호흡, 맥박 빈도를 확인한다.
                             Begin rescue breathing and CPR.
                             인공호흡과 CPR을 실시한다.
                   (CPR - cardiopulmonary resuscitation 심폐소생술)
                         3. If the person is breathing and lying on the back, 
                             and you do not think there is a spinal injury,
                             carefully roll the person toward you into the side.
                             만약 환자가 숨을 쉬고 등을 붙이고 누웠다면 
                   너는 척추 손상은 생각하지 않아도 되고, 
                   조심스럽게 측면으로 환자를 돌려봐라.
                             Bend the top leg so both hip and knee are at right angles.
                             다리를 구부림과 동시에 엉덩이와 무릎을 오른쪽 각도로 구부려라.
                             Gently tilt the head back to keep the airway open.  
                             머리를 기울여서 기도를 확보(유지)해라.
                             If breathing or pulse stops at anytime, roll the person
                             on to his back and begin CPR.
                             만약 숨과 맥박이 언제나 멈췄다면 등을 붙이도록 환자를 
                   만들어서 CPR을 시작해라.
                          4. If you think there is a spinal injury, leave the person
                              where you found them as long as breathing continues.
                              만약 척추손상이 의심되면 환자가 숨쉬고 있는 처음 
                    그 상태 그대로 놔두어라.
                              If the person vomits, roll the entire body at one time 
                              to the side.  
                              만일 환자가 구토를 한다면 전체 몸을 한번에 측면으로 
                    구부리게 해라.
                              Support the neck and back to keep the head
                              and body in the same position while you roll.
                               너가 굴리는 동안 (몸을) 머리와 몸이 같은 위치를 
                    유지하도록 목과 허리를 받쳐주어라.
                          5. Keep the person warm until medical help arrives.
                              메디컬 팀이 도착할 때 까지 환자에게 보온을 유지하라.
          
                          6. If you see a person fainting, try to prevent a fall.
                              만약 당신이 기절하는 환자를 본다면 떨어지는 것을 막어라.
                              Lay the person flat on the floor and raise the feet about 12 inches.
                              환자를 평평한 바닥에 눕히고 하체를 12 inch 정도 올린다 
                    (심장으로의 혈액 이동).
                          7. If fainting is likely due to low blood sugar, give the person
                              something sweet to eat or drink when they become conscious.
                              기절환자가 저혈당 환자의 경우 의식이 돌아왔을때 
                    환자에게 당분이나 음료를 주어라.

                         DO NOT
                                - give an unconscious person any food or drink.
                                - 무의식 환자에게 음식이나 음료를 주는것 (기도질식)
                                - leave the person alone.
                                - 환자를 혼자 방치하는것.
                                - place a pillow under the head of an unconscious person.
                                - 무의식환자 머리 밑에 베개를 두는 것.
                                - slap an unconscious person's face or splash water
                                  on the face to try to revive him/her.
                                - 소생을 위해 무의식 환자의 얼굴을 때리거나 물을 부리는 것  .

  
               Heavy blood loss(출혈 과다) = Severe Bleeding



             Suspected broken bones(부서진 뻐를 의심)
                    1. Don't move the person.
                        절대 환자를 옮기지 마라 (Dislocation(관절이 빠지다.) 위험성)
                    2. Use cushions or padding to support the injury.
                        쿠션이나 다친부위를 지지하는 상처 지지대를 사용하라 (ex. splint 부복)
                    3. DO NOT attempt to put dislocations back in place.
                        그 장소에서 탈구를 시도하지 말라.
                    4. Wait for medical crew to arrive.
                        메디컬 팀이 도착할 때까지 기다려라.



               Chest pain lasting 15 minutes or more(15 분 이상 지속되는 가슴 통증)
                     1. Let the patient to chew a regular - strength asprin.
                         환자에게 규칙적 강도의 아스피린을 복용하게 한다.
                     2. Perform CPR.  If you are not trained, listen to the instructions given
                         by the dispatcher(the person you are on line with when calling 911).
                         CPR 시행하라. 만약 훈련되지 않았다면 지시사항을 
                        전문가(소방대원)에게 잘 들어라.
                     3. Wait for help to arrive.
                         도착하도록 기다린다.



               Difficulty breathing(호흡 곤란)
                     1. Check the person's airway, breathing, and pulse.
                           If necessary, begin CPR.
                          환자의 기도, 호흡, 맥박을 측정하라, 필요하다면 CPR을 시행하라.                                           
                     2. Loosen any tight clothing.
                         꽉 낀 옷은 느슨하게 하라 (혈액순환 용이).
                     3. Continue to monitor the person's breathing and pulse
                          until medical help arrives.
                          메디컬 팀이 올때까지 환자의 호흡과 맥박을 지켜보라.



               Overdose or poisoning(과다 복용이나 중독)
                     1. Check and monitor the person's airway, breathing, and pulse.
                          환자의 기도, 호흡, 맥박을 측정하고 지켜보라.
                     2. DO NOT make a person throw up unless told to do so by
                         poison control or a health care professional.
                         독극물 전문가이거나 건강 전문가에게 지시받지않았다면 
                         환자가 토하게 하지말라.
                     3. Keep the person comfortable.  The person should be rolled
                         onto the left side, and remain there waiting for medical help.
                         환자를 편안한 상태로 유지하라.  그 환자는 왼쪽으로 돌려져 
                        있어야 하고 의료진의 도움을 기다려야한다 (기도질식의 방지를
                       위해 환자를 왼쪽으로 돌려놓고 토사물이 배출되게 만 한다)




Speaking
Student A
1.  You are a parent.  Five minutes ago a poisonous snake bit your child.  You phone an emergency helpline.  Explain the situation to the helpline nurse, then listen and use these notes to find out what to do.  Note down the instructions that you are given.

Nurse:    Hello.  Emergency helpline.  How can I help you?
Mom:      Five minutes ago a poisonous snake bit my son.
               What should I do?  What shall I do with the wound?
               Should I put it on ice?  Should I put a bandage on it?
 Nurse:  Wash the wound with soap and water.
               DO NOT put it on ice.  Put a bandage on it but not too tight.
Mom:    My son is thirsty.  Is it OK to give him milk?
Nurse:   DO NOT give him anything to eat or drink.
Mom:   Should I have him walk around?
Nurse:  Don't let him stand up or move.
              Immobilize his leg so that his leg is lower than his heart.
Mom:   Should I take him to the doctor?
Nurse:  Take him to the hospital right away.      

Student B (p. 112)
2.  You are a nurse working on a telephone helpline.  Listen to your caller explain the emergency, then use these notes to tell the caller what to do and to answer any questions.
Nurse:  Hello.  Emergency helpline.  How can I help you?
You:      A co-worker of mine spilled pesticide on his face, eyes, and mouth.
               What should I do?  He has difficulty breathing.  Should I have him
               walk around?  Should he drink?  Should he wash out his mouth,
               eyes, and skin with water?
Nurse:  Make sure he gets fresh air!  Open windows and doors and 
               carry him outside if necessary.  DO NOT make him walk.
               Wash out his mouth with water.  Make him drink milk but
               DO NOT let him drink alcohol.  Remove clothes if he is covered in
               pesticide.  Wash the skin with soap and running water.
               Wash out eyes with running water for more than 15 minutes.
               DO NOT use other chemicals.    

         

Listening - Instructions

p=paramedic, N=nurse


P:  Roger, Oscar Lima Charlie, we're with the patient now.  Possible cardiac arrest.

      Stand by, over(대기).  Nurse, check his pulse.

      우리는 환자와 같이 있어요. 심장마비를 일으킬 수 있습니다. 준비 완료.

      간호사님 맥박확인해주세요.


N:  There's no pulse.

      환자 맥박이 없습니다.

P:  OK.

N:  He's not breathing.

      환자가 숨쉬지 않아요
P:  It is cardiac arrest.  Give him CPR.  I'll talk you through it, OK?
      심장마비입니다. 소생술을 시행하세요. 나는 당신에게 설명을 이 광정을 통해
     해줄겄이다, 알겠죠?
N:  OK.
P:  Give him mouth-to-mouth first.  Support his head.  That's it, lift it back.
      Right, hold his nose closed, then open his mouth and breathe strongly
      into it.  Give two full breaths into his mouth.  OK?
      처음에는 인공호흡을 실시하세요. 머리를 지지하시고. 그렇게요!
      머리를 올리고 뒤로.(똑바로 환자를 눕히고.)
     좋아요. 그의 코를 막고 환자의 구강을 열고
     숨을 강하게 불어넣으세요. 환자의 구강을 통해 깊게 두번 불어넣으세요. 알겠나요~?
N:  Right.
P:  Let his chest fall again.  Nothing?
       폐가 수축되는것을 직혀보라. 아직 반응이 없나요?
N:  Nothing.
      없어요.
P:  Turn his head.  That's right.  Put your hand on his chest.  
      Now put your other hand on top of your first hand. OK?
        그의 머리를 돌리세요.  맛아요. 그의 가슴에 손을 넣어세요.
       이제 그손 위에 다른 손을 넣어세요. OK?
N:  OK.
P:  Push down a little... and release... Do it again.  One...two...three...four.
      약하게 누르고.. 풀어주고.. 다시 눌러주고.. 하나... 둘... 셋... 넷...
N:  How many times should I do it?
      몇 번이나 시행해야하나요?
P:  Repeat the procedure fifteen times...
      OK.  Check his pulse again.  Anything?
      15회 정도 해오세요. 좋아요 다시 맥박을 재보세요. 맥박이 잡히나요?
N:  No, still no pulse.
      아니요. 여전히 뛰지 않아요.
P:  OK.  Don't wait.  Use the AED.  Set it at a charge of two hundred.
      좋아요. 기다리지말고, 제세동기를 쓰세요. 200줄로 충전해주세요.
N:  Right.  It's two hundred.
      200줄 입니다.
P:  Apply the pads to his chest.
      그의 가슴에 패드를 붙이세요.
N:  Where do I put them?
      어디에 붙여야하나요?
P:  Put one above the heart and one below.  Stand clear of his body.
      Make sure you don't touch him.  Call 'everybody clear'
      and then press the buttons and hold for two seconds.  OK?
      하나는 가슴위 (우측 쇄골하부에 부착) 하나는 아래에 붙여주세요.

      Everybody get out of the way and stand by.

      (좌측유두바깥쪽의 겨드랑이 중앙선상에 부착)  환자에 닫지않도록 확실히하세요(감전).       '모두 물러나세요'라고 말하고 버튼은 누르고 2초동인 유지합니다. 알겠죠?      

N:  OK.  Everybody clear!  (모두 물러나세요.)

      준비완료. Clear!

P:  Check his pulse again.

      다시한번 박동을 확인해봐요.

N:  Nothing.

      안뛰어요.

P:  Are you sure?

확실해요?

N:  Yes.  There's no pulse.

네. 여전히 박동이 없어요

P:  OK - repeat the procedure.  Same charge - two hundred.

좋아요 다시 해보죠. 같은 200줄 충전

N:  Right.  Everybody clear!  Ah hah!  There's a pulse.

좋아요.  모두 물러나세요.  아!  박동이 있어요.

P:  Good.  Well done.  Now set up an IV and give him Lidocaine(a numbing agent).

좋아요. 잘했어요. 혈관 내 링거 주사를 준비하고 리도카인을 투여해주세요.

N:  How much shall I give him?

환자에게 얼마나 드리면 되죠?

P:  One hundred mil over two minutes.

2분에 걸쳐 100 밀리리터 투여하세요. 

Reading
A surprise passenger
British taxi driver, Clive Lawrence, became a midwife for an hour when a passenger gave birth to a baby in the back of his taxi.

영국의 택시 운전사, Clive Lawrences는, 한 승객이 자신의 택시 뒷좌석에서 아기를 낳을 때, 한 시간 동안 산파가 되었다.

Asha Gemechu's baby was due in a month, but when her contractions started she called for a taxi to take her to hospital. Mr. Lawrence answered the call.

Asha Gemechu의 아기는 한달 후가 출산이었으나, 수축이 시작되어 그녀는 택시을 불려 병원으로 가게 되었다.

The expectant mum was in the taxi for ten minutes when she realized that things were happening too fast. The baby was not going to wait. Its head appeared, and Mr. Lawrence stopped the taxi to help with the birth.

출산을 예감한 임신부는 택시에 있는 10분동안 출산이 임박해지고 있음을 깨달았다. 아기는 기다려 주질 않았다. 아기의 머리가 보였고, Mr. Lawrence는 택시를 세우고 출산을 도왔다.

Mr. Lawrence said, 'I was there when my kids were born, so this was not completely new for me. I spoke to a nurse on the taxi radio and she gave me instructions - I only did what she told me. There's nothing special about that. One minute I had one passenger, then I had two, but there's no extra charge!'

Mr. Lawrence께서 이야기하기를, "내 아이가 태어났을 때는 내가 거기에 함께 있었다. 그래서 이것은 나에게는 완전히 새로운 경험이 아니다'라고, 나는 택시 안에서 간호사와 통화하고, 그녀가 지시하는대로 했다 - 난 단지 그녀가 나에게 말했던 대로 한 것 뿐이다. 그것에 대해 특별한 것은 아무것도 없었다. 난 한순간에 한 승객이, 그리고 두 승객이 생긴 것이다. 하지만 추가 비용은 없었다! '

A midwife at the hospital said, 'Giving birth on the way to hospital doesn't happen often, but if you're there when it does, just support the baby's head and guide it out - don't pull. Then clean the baby's nose and mouth, but don't cut the umbilical cord - just lay the baby on the mother's chest, cord and all. Dry the baby with a clean towel or cloth, gently rub its back, then cover mum and baby with a dry blanket to keep them both warm, and wait for medical help to arrive.'

병원에서 조산사가 이야기하기를, ‘출산을 병원에 오기 전 길에서 한다는 것은 자주 발생하는 일은 아닙니다. 그러나 그렇게 되면, 다만 아기의 머리를 바디고 그것을 유도하고 – 아기를 당기지 마십시오, 그런 다음 아기의 코와 입을 닦아주고, 탯줄은 자르지 마십시오 – 그냥 엄마의 가슴에 아기를 놓고 탯줄도 함께 놓으십시오. 아기를 깨끗한 수건이나 천으로 만다음 조심히 등을 닦고 엄마와 아기를 이불로 덮으며 둘을 따뜻하게 돌보시고, 의료 도움이 올 때까지 기다려 주십시오.

'Clive was wonderful,' the mother said later, 'he did everything right.' Asha is naming the baby Mohammed Clive. Mother and baby are both doing well.

'Clive는 멋지십니다‘, '어머니가 나중에 말했다, "그는 다 옳게 했다. ' Asha는 아기 이름을 Mohammed Clive라고 지었다. 엄마와 아기는 둘다 잘지내고 있다.




It's my job
Jeff Oliver
I'm Jeff Oliver.  I'm 24 years old.  I decided to become a paramedic when I saw two of them treating a driver at the scene of an accident when I was a boy.

저는 제프 올리버 에요. 저는 24 살이에요. 제가 어렸을때 본 두 사람은 사고 현장에서 어떤운전사를 치료하고 있었습니다.  그 후로 저는 구급대가되기로 결심했죠.

I started as a trainee ambulance technician, and trained for two and a half years to become a qualified paramedic.  Now I administer life-saving procedures myself.  It's part of my everyday work to defibrillate the heart of a cardiac arrest, to apply splints to limbs and dress wounds, and to set up drips.

저는 연수생 구급차 기술자로 시작하고, 자격을 갖춘 구급대가되었고 이년 반 동안 훈련을 했죠. 지금은 생명을 구하는 절차를 제 자신이 관리 하고 ​​있습니다. 그것은 심장 마비시 심장을 다시뛰게하고 사지의   부목을 설치하고, 상처를 치료하고 링거를 셋팅하는게 나의 일상업무중의 일부입니다.

I have to make quick decisions - it's an important part of giving emergency treatment.  So is communicating clearly and keeping a clear head in some difficult situations.  And situations are often very difficult, especially when we have to deal with people under the influence of drugs and alcohol.  But paramedics don't think twice - we are always first at the scene when there is a suicide, a road accident, or a fire.  When you save a life, it's the best job in the world.

나는 빠른 결정을해야합니다 - 그것은 응급 치료를 하는데 중요한 부분이다. 일부 어려운상황에서  명확하게 의사 소통하기 위해 현명한 판단을 유지하고있습니다 . 그리고 상황은 종종  약물과 알코올의 영향 아래 있는사람들을  접할때 특히 매우 어렵습니다. 그러나 구급대는 망설이지 않는다 - 자살, 교통 사고 또는 화재가있을 때 우리는 현장에서 항상 먼저입니다. 당신이 생명을 구할 때, 그것은 세상에서 가장 최고의 직업입니다.



Signs and symptoms
Shock
Paramedics often have to deal with shock, a condition that is often caused by major trauma such as a traffic accident.  Shock occurs when the heart is unable to supply enough blood to the organs.  This result in a slowing-down of the vital functions, and can cause death.  Shock is difficult to diagnose in its early stages, which makes it hard to treat.

구급대 원들은 쇼크, 종종 교통 사고 등 주요 외상에 의해 발생하는 쇼크를 처리해야합니다. 심장이 장기에 충분한 혈액을 공급할 수 없을 때 쇼크가 발생합니다.이런결과는 중요한 기능의 저하로 사망의 원인이 될수있다. 쇼크는 초기단계에서 진단하기 어렵습니다.그래서 치료도 어렵습니다.

The central nervous system(중추 신경계) is affected.  This can cause changes in personality, and restlessness.  In advanced stages, confusion and ultimately coma(혼수상태) can result.  The temperature may be dangerously low(hypothermia - 저체온증, a serious medical condition caused by extreme cold) or high(hyperthermia - 고열).  Cardiovascular(심혈관의) problems may develop.  The patient's heart often beats abnormally fast, but heavy bleeding may cause it to beat too slowly.  An abnormal increase in breathing rate can lead to respiratory(호흡 기관의) distress or failure.  Blood pressure(혈압) can be high in the early stages, but then hypotension(저혈압) is common as it falls dangerously low.  Gastrointestinal(위장의 -  relating to the stomach and intestines) problems arise from a lack of blood supply.  The intestines(내장 ) can stop working and can start to die.  This can cause abdominal(복부의) pain, nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea.



중추 신경계가 영향을받습니다. 성격의 변화, 그리고 불안을 일으킬 수 있습니다. 마지막 단계, 혼란과 혼수 상태가 발생할 수 있습니다. 온도가 낮은 위험(저체온증) 또는 높은(고열) 수 있습니다. 심장 혈관 문제가 생길 수 있습니다. 환자의 심장은 종종 비정상적으로 빨리 뛰고는 있지만, 심한 출혈은 서맥을 유발할 수 있습니다. 호흡 속도의 비정상적인 증가는 호흡 곤란 또는 실패로 이어질 수 있습니다. 혈압의 초기 단계에서 높을 수 있지만, 그렇지만 저혈압이 일반적으로 위험한 수준으로 낮게 떨어질 수 있습니다. 위장 문제는 혈액 공급의 부족에서 발생한다. 창자가 작동을 멈출 수 있고, 죽기 시작을 할 수 있습니다. 이 복통, 메스꺼움, 구토, 설사를 일으킬 수 있습니다.





Friday, May 16, 2014

Health Condition Inquiry, Internal Medicine, Blood test, and Urine test

1.  Blood test and Urine test
Nurse:  You need blood and urine test.
            I'd like to run the blood test first.
            Please roll up your left sleeve.
            Make a tight fist, please.  I'm going to draw(뽑다) some blood.
          Relax.
Patient:  Will it hurt?
Nurse:  Not really.
            OK.  Press your arm until the bleeding stops.
Patient:  Do you have a band-aid?
Nurse:  We are sorry, we don't have any.
            It will be fine in 5 minutes.
            Please, take this cup for your urine sample and bring it back to this table.


2.  Dialogue
For the X-ray test
Nurse:  Please take off your shirt and stand in front of the machine.
            Take a deep breath and hold it.  I am taking an X-ray.



3.  You have a chest condition.
Doctor:  Ms. Lee, how do you feel?
Patient:  I have been having chest pains.
Doctor:  Have you ever had any chest pain before?
Patient:  No, this is the first time.
Doctor:  Is there any history of heart disease in your family?
Patient:  Yes.  My father and my uncle died from heart attack.
Doctor:  When did the pain start?
Patient:  Just this morning.
Doctor:  We would like to run some tests such as blood test, chest x-ray, ECG,
          and MRI.
              While we wait for the results, I'll treat you for the chest pain.
Patient:  Thank you doctor.


4.  You are suffering from a stomachache.
Doctor:  Ms. Lee, what's troubling you?
Patient:  I have severe pain in the upper abdomen.  I  feel my stomach is burning and
             I haven't eaten much today and I already feel full.
Doctor:  I believe you have an indigestion.
             I'll prescribe you an antacid(제산정) to make you feel better.
Patient:  Thank you, doctor.


5.  You are suffering from allergy.
Doctor:  Ms. Lee, what's the matter?
Patient:   I have a stuffy and runny nose, watery eyes, I can't stop sneezing, and my eyes are itchy.
Doctor:  You have symptoms of allergies.  I'll prescribe you some allergy medicine.
              You'll feel better soon.
Patient:  Thank you, doctor.
         

6.  You don't feel well.  You had trouble sleeping last night.
Doctor:  Ms. Lee, what's the matter?
Patient:  I'm suffering from minor flu and I feel very tired but I can't fall a sleep.
             I had trouble sleeping even last night.
Doctor:  I'll give you some flu medicine that will also help you to rest and sleep.



Statements of Offering Help
How can you ask help if you have problems and how would you respond as a nurse?
1.  You  need to see a doctor because you sprained your ankle.

2.  You need to see a doctor right away because you have a pounding headache and it hurts very much.

3.  You are requesting for an ice pack because you are running a fever.

4.  You need help to sit up from the bed.

5.  You need some water because you are thirsty.

6.  You've been waiting for your doctor and you feel you need to see him right away.
     He is treating his other patients at the moment.

7.  You are an inpatient and you need to use the bathroom.


1.  I need to see a doctor because I sprained my ankle.


2.  I have a severe pounding headache.
   It's very painful so I need to see a doctor right away.

3.  I'm running a fever.  Could you please bring me an ice pack?
     Nurse:  Give me one minute please.

4.  Can you help me sit up from the bed?
     Nurse:  Please hold onto my neck.  I'll help you sit up.

5.  I'm thirsty.  Can you bring me some water?
     Nurse:  Sure.  I will bring you water right away.

6.  I need to see the doctor right away.  I can't wait any longer.
     Nurse:  How are you feeling?  
     Patient:  I have an excruciating pain in my stomach.  
     Nurse:  He will be here soon.

7.  Can you take me to the bathroom?

     Nurse:  Let me help you.


Internal Medicine(내과)
Vocabulary
throw up, vomit - 토하다
lightheaded - 몽롱한, 멍한
dizzy - 어지러운
diarrhea - 설사
spoiled - (음식이) 상한, 변질된
food poisoning - 식중독

Expressions
1.  the night before last.
2.  It's not getting any better.
3.  It's nothing to worry about.
4.  I'd like to run some tests.

1.  Is it serious?
     It's nothing to worry about.

2.  How is your ulcer(궤양)?
     It's not getting any better.

3.  You are going in to the doctor's office again?
     The doctor said he'd like to run some tests.



Dialogues
1.  You have diarrhea and you've been throwing up.
      Nurse checks your temperature.

2.  Doctor looks at the patient chart for the same patient.
You have other symptoms such as light headedness, and sometimes a bit dizzy.



Dialogue A
(Ellen is in the doctor's office.)
Nurse:  Hello.  I'm Nurse Chang.  What seems to be the problem?
Ellen:  I've got diarrhea and I've been throwing up.
Nurse:  When did it start?
Ellen:  The night before last.
Nurse:  Have you been taking anything for it?
Ellen:  Yes, an over-the counter medicine, but it's not getting any better.
Nurse:  Let me take your temperature.
            36 degrees.  Normal.
            The doctor will see you now.


Dialogue B
(Doctor looks at the patient chart.)
Doctor:  Hello.  You have diarrhea and have been vomiting.
              Body temperature is normal.
Ellen:  Yes.
Doctor:  Do you have any pains?  Any muscular soreness?
Ellen:  No, I don't.
Doctor:  Other symptoms?
Ellen:  I feel light headed, sometimes even a bit dizzy.
Doctor:  Well, it's probably you have some kind of flu, but it could be mild food poisoning.
              Have you eaten anything that tasted unusual lately?
Ellen:  Well, not really.  I don't think anything I ate was spoiled.
Doctor:  I'm sure it's nothing to worry about, but I'd like to run some tests to make sure
             it's not something more serious.

Monday, March 31, 2014

3. Hospital Admission

Scrub up
Work in pairs.  These patients have arrived in hospital and are waiting in reception.  Discuss why you think each one is there.

1.  I was at a party, and one of my friends gave  me a little white tablet.  I'd had a few drinks and I was feeling good, and I took it, even though I didn't know what it was.  It made me feel, like, really weird.  I could see and hear really strange things, and it scared me.  I still don't feel normal today, and I'm very worried.

2.  It's not due until next month, but when I was washing up this morning there was a little blood.
     It worried me.  Then I got these pains.

3.  I was working high up on a ladder.  My foot slipped and I fell.  I hit my head but there's no blood and I don't feel too bad.

4.  I was walking by the river, and I think I stepped on it and it bit me.  I don't know what type it was but it was long and silver with a black head.

5.  I was looking in the mirror and I saw this big spot on my face.  I checked it on the Internet
     and I'm sure I've got cancer.  Do you think I'm going to die?


1.  나는 파티 중이었는데, 내 친구 중 한 명 나에게 흰색의 작은 알약을 주었습니다. 난 술을 몇 잔 마셨고, 기분이 좋았고 그리고 그것이 무엇인지 몰랐지만, 그것을 먹었습니다. 그것은 나의 기분을 정말 이상하게 만들었습니다. 나는 정말 이상한 것을 보고 들었고 그것이 무서웠습니다. 나는 지금도 정상이 아닌 것 같고, 매우 걱정스럽습니다.

2. 다음 달까지 예정(일)이 아니지만, 내가 아침에 씻을 때 약간의 혈액이 있었습니다.
      그것은 나를 걱정하게 했습니다. 그리고 통증이 왔습니다.

3. 나는 사다리 높은 곳에 올라가 일을 했습니다. 나의 발이 미끄러져서 떨어졌습니다. 내 머리를 부딪쳤지만 피는 나지 않았습니다.  그리고 기분도 그렇게 나쁘지 않았습니다.

4. 나는 강가를 걷고 있었고 무언가를 밟았는데 그것이 나를 물었습니다. 나는 그것이 무슨 종류인지 알지 못했습니다. 그러나 그것은 길고 은색이었고 검은 머리를 갖고 있었습니다.

5. 나는 거울을 보고 있었는데, 난 내 얼굴에 있는 큰 점을 보았습니다. 나는 인터넷에 그것을 검색했습니다. 그리고 나는 암에 걸린 것임을 확신하였습니다. 당신은 내가 죽을 것이라고 생각하십니까?


How do you determine who should see the doctor first?
The triage nurse gives assessment of the condition and s/he decides who gets to see the doctor first.



It's my job (Job of a receptionist)

I'm a hospital receptionist.  If you need to find somebody, or if you need to know anything about the hospital - ask me.  If you want new paper towels, or you need to speak to a surgeon - ask me.
저는 병원접수 담당자입니다.  만약, 당신이 누군가를 찾으려고 한다면, 또한 병원에 대해 질문이 있다면 - 저에게 물어보세요.  새 종수건을 원한다면, 또한 외과의사하고 대화를 해야된다면 - 저에게 부탁하세요.
I often meet people when they are frightened, angry, or drunk, so it's important to be diplomatic and strong.  I often need to reassure people, so  it's important to be calm.
저는 주로 사람들이 두려워 할 때, 화가 나 있을 때, 또는 술에 취해 있을 때, 그들을 만나죠. 그래서 제가 외교적이고 강해야 되는 것 중요 합니다.  저는 종종 사람들을 안심시켜야 하므로, 제가 침착해야 하는 것이 중요합니다.
My normal work is to greet and assist patients when they arrive, make appointments for patients, record patient's information, and organize and file patient records.  I also keep the accounts.  You need to be very organized to do this job.
제 작업의 의무는 주로 환자들이 도착하면 맞이하고 도와주고, 접수를 하고, 환자들의 정보를 기록하고,그것을 정리하고 제출을 하는 거죠.  저는 또한 계정을 유지하죠.  이 일을 잘 하려면 정리를 잘해야 됩니다.

Of course, I have to operate a computer, a fax machine, and other office equipment, but I also have to know first aid, and understand medical terminology and abbreviations.  My biggest problems are with the handwriting of medical staff.  It wastes a lot of time when I don't understand reports and forms because of handwriting or abbreviations.  
물론, 컴퓨터, 팩스 및 기타 사무기기를 작동해야하지만, 저는 또한 응급처치를 알아야하고, 의학용어 및 약어를 알아야합니다. 저의 가장 큰 문제는 의료진의 필기를 읽는 것입니다. 때문에 저는 필기나 약어의 보고서 및 양식을 알아 볼 수 없어서 이해하지 못할 때 많은 시간을 낭비하죠.
I believe that without me and other receptionists the whole hospital would come to a stop.
저는 믿습니다. 저와 다른 접수담당자들이 없으면 모든 병원이 정지할 것이라고.



Vocabulary

Patient record

Listening

A patient record form
M = Mustapha, N = nurse
N:  Mustapha, isn't it?
M:  Yes, that's right.
N:  So, what happened to you?
M:  I was working on a ladder.  It was raining and I slipped and fell.
N:  Did you hit your head?
M:  Yes.  I saw stars and felt sick at first.  But now it's OK.
N:  I see.  You may have concussion.  First, I'll take down your details and fill in this form.
     So, what's your surname?
M:  It's Hussein.
N:  Can you spell that for me?
M:  H-U-double S-E-I-N.
N:  What's your occupation?
M:  I'm a painter.
N:  Right.  What's your date of birth?
M:  First of the ninth, eighty-two.
N:  One, nine, eighty-two... and where were you born?
M:  Karachi, Pakistan.
N:  What's your marital status?
M:  Sorry?
N:  Are you married?
M:  No, I'm single.
N:  And do you have a contact telephone number for your next of kin(closest relative)?
M:  07709-401229-it's my brother, Yusuf.
N:  Do you smoke?
M:  Yes.
N:  How many do you smoke a day?
M:  Twenty a day.
N:  Uh huh.  Do you drink?
M:  No.
N:  Right.  Are you allergic to anything?
M:  No.
N:  Now, family history.  Do any of your close family suffer from any of the following - mental illness?
M:  No.
N:  Diabetes?
M:  My mother's parents are both diabetic.
N:  Maternal grandparents... diabetes.  Tuberculosis?
M:  No.
N:  HIV/AIDS?
M:  No.



Speaking
1.  You are going to play the role of a patient admitted to hospital.
     Invent the following details in pairs.
full name                    date and place of birth
allergies                      smoking and alcohol intake
occupation                  marital status
next of kin                   reason for admission
family history               medical history

2.  Play the role of the nurse and the patient and complete the patient record.

3.  Change roles.


Past Simple vs. Past Continuous
Past Simple(과거형)
We use the Past Simple to talk about things which happened in the past.
   과거에 일어난 일에 대해 이야기 할 때 Past Simple를 사용합니다.
I felt terrible when I got home last night.
I slipped on ice and hurt my knee.

Some verbs have a regular Past Simple, ending in -ed.
ask - asked        arrive - arrived

The Past Simple of some verbs is irregular.
go - went       come - came      take - took

We use the Past Simple to talk about an action that happened at a particular point in the past.

우리는 과거의 특정 지점에서 발생하는 행동에 대해 이야기하기 위해서 과거 시제를 사용합니다.

  We often use past time expressions such as yesterday, last week, and in+month/season/year.
ex.  The doctor examined my leg yesterday.
       Last week, we had exams.
       In April, we had midterm exams.
       In the past winter, we had a  lot of snow.
       In 2012, I took college entrance exam. 


http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/simplepast.html
Past Continuous (과거 진행형)
When we are telling a story, we often use a verb in the Past Continuous to give a background to what happened. 
우리가 이야기를 할 때, 우리는 자주 무슨 일이 있었는지에 배경을 제공하기 위해 Past Continuous를 사용합니다.  (어떻게 되는 일인지 설명하려고.)
I was riding my bike.  A cat ran in front of me and I fell off.
She cut her finger when she was preparing food.

We use the Past Continuous to talk about an action that was happening in the background when another event happened.  It is often used in a sentence with when+Past Simple.
우리는 또 다른 이벤트가 일어났을 때 배경에서 발생된 행동에  대한 이야기하기 위해서 Past Continuous를 사용합니다. 그것은 종종 when+ 과거 시제와 문장에 사용됩니다.


ex.  He was getting off the bus when he slipped.     OR
       He slipped when he was getting off the bus.     OR
       When he was getting off the bus, he slipped.
       

http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/pastcontinuous.html


Underline examples of the Past Continuous in the Listening script for Scrub Up on p.125.

Go to Grammar reference p.117


1.  Complete the sentences using the verbs in brackets in the Past Simple and Past Continuous tenses.  Decide the order of the verb first.

(1).  When he was working, he broke his arm.
        그가 일할 때 그의 팔이 부러졌다.
(2).  My son was holding a firework when it exploded and burnt his hand.
      내 아들은 폭죽이 터질 때 그것을 쥐고 있었고 그래서 화상을 입었다.
(3).  I was getting out of the car.  
     My dad closed the door and broke my fingers.
     나는 차에서 내리고 있었는데 아버지가 차 문을 닫아 내 손가락이 부러졌다.
(4).  My mam was getting dressed in the bathroom.  She fell and hit her head.
       우리 엄마는 욕실에서 옷을 입고있었다. 그녀는 넘어졌고 머리를 부딪쳤다.
(5).  I was listening to music, 
     when suddenly I heard a whistling in my ear and I went deaf.
    나는 음악을 듣고 있었는데 갑자기 귀에 휘파람 소리가 들려왔고 나는 귀머거리가
    되었다.
(6).  I was running in the park, and a man chased me and punched me.
    나는 공원에서 달리고 있었는데 어떤 남자가 쫒아왔고 날 때렸다.




2.  Write at least three sentences about these people, inventing details about what happened to them.
      Use Past Simple and Past Continuous.

3.  Describe an accident that happened to you.  What were you doing and what happened?
     Tell us.


2.
I was at the park this morning.  I saw a woman jogging and a dog came running towards the woman and bit her left leg.  She tried to shake the dog off but the dog bit harder to hold on to her by it's mouth.
Finally, the owner of the dog showed up and made the dog to let go of her leg.  What an horror.

A man's head was stuck in an glass container.  I don't know how it happened.  I was worried about him.
Finally, some how, he freed himself from it.  Thank God.

My boss had a black eye when he showed up to work.  I was thinking maybe he had a fight with
his wife and she punched him in the eye.  He looked sad.



Reading
Bad handwriting
1.  bad, good, neat, untidy(깔끔하지 못한), legible(읽을[알아볼] 수 있는), illegible(읽기 어려운, 판독이 불가능한).

2.  When students have exchanged examples of their handwriting, get them to discuss the problem
     that unclear handwriting causes for the reader.  Can a bad handwriting cause fatal errors like 
     the patient can be given a wrong medicine?


Writing
Patient summary
1.  Read the summary about Mustapha Hussein, the patient in Listening.  Find three mistakes in it.

2.  Write a similar summary about Sarah Behr using the information on the patient record.
Sarah Behr was admitted with suspected fractured arm.  Mrs. Behr was born in 1984.
She is married, and works as a teacher.  Her next of kin is her father, Ian.  
He can be contacted on 01792-793466.  Mrs. Behr doesn't smoke but she does drink
10 units per week.  She is allergic to nuts.  There is a family history of heart disease
on her father's side.

Saturday, March 15, 2014

2. In and around the hospital

In and around the hospital




a.  ECG(Electrocardiography) - for monitoring the heart (심장을 모니터링하기위한)
b.  Microscope - for examining tissues, samples, etc., very closely
                          (세포조직, 샘플, 등, 매우 긴밀하게 실음하기위해)
c.  Blood Centrifuge - for separating substances by spinning them
   ( 혈액 원심 분리기 - 분리 물질을 회전하여)
d.  Scale - for weighing substances
                (무개를 측정 할수있다.)
e.  Exercise Machine - for building strength after injury
                                   (부상 후 힘을 키우기 위해)
f.  a bone plate - for fixing broken bone (부러진 뻐를 다시 부치기 위해)
g.  Dermabrader - for removing damaged skin (손상된 피부를 제거 하기위해)
h.  Dialysis Machine - for cleaning the blood when the kidneys don't work
     (투석 기계 - 콩팥이 작동하지 않는 경우 혈액을 청소하기위해)
i.  Neurological pinwheel - for testing for sensation in nerves
    (신경 바람개비 - 신경의 감각을위한 테스트)
j.  Pediatric spoon - a special spoon for children to grip
    (소아 스푼 - 그립에 어린이를위한 특별 스푼)
k.  A scalpel - a small, very sharp knife that is used by doctors in operations.
                      (수술을 수행하기위한 칼)
l.  x-ray machine - for taking a photo of bones
                            (뼈의 사진을 찍이위해)





Vocabulary
Hospital departments
Which of the departments shown opposite
1. dispenses (to prepare and distribute) medicines? e. Pharmacy (etymology - medicine)
    (약을 나누어주다/준비해주고 배포하는대 )
2. treats(치료) kidney diseases? d. Renal Unit (Renal - of kidneys)
3. specializes in pregnancy and birth? k. Obstetrics (산과학) (Obstetrics - science of midwifery)
    (임신과 출산을 전문적으로 돌봐주는대)
4. studies illnesses and analyses samples? a. Pathology(병리학)(logy - study of disease)
    (질병을 연구하고 샘플을 분석한다)
5. treats diseases of the skin? i. Dermatology(study of skin)
6. performs operations on patients? l. Surgery(수술)
    (환자의 수술을 행하다.)
7. designs special exercises for patients? c. Physiotherapy
    (physio - natural, physical 
     therapy -medical treatment)
    (환자를위해 특별한 운동을 디자인 합니다.? 물리 치료)
8. studies blood disorders? j. Haematology
    (혈액 장애를 연구합니다.)
9. treats bones? f. Orthopaedics
    (뼈를 치료합니다.)
10. specializes in the heart? b. Cardiology
     (심장 전문? 나. 심장학)
11. deals with sick children? h. Paediatrics
12. treats disorders of the nervous system? g. Neurology
     (신경계의 장애를 취급합니다? 신경학)


Listening 1
Directions  
1.
P = physiotherapist, M = man
P:  Go out of here and the door you want is just opposite.
     Go in through the door and give your prescription to the man behind the counter.
M:  So it's just outside here?
P:  Yes, just across the corridor(hallway, 복도)


2.
P = porter, M = man
P:  Go into the hospital through these swing doors.  Go along the corridor, take the first right,
     and it's the second door on your left.
M:  Through the swing doors, down the corridor, first right, second left.
P:  That's it.
M:  Thanks.


3.
R = receptionist, V = visitor
R:  Go along this corridor and turn left at the end.  Go along the next corridor,
      take the second left and go all the way along that corridor.  The ward you want is right at the end,
      straight in front of you.
V:  Thank you.


Giving directions inside the hospital
- Go along this corridor
- Go along the next corridor
- Through the swing doors
- Go past the restaurant take stairs up to (go past -지나서)
- Go out of here
- Go into the hospital
- Take the first right
- Go across the corridor
- Go across the street
- second door on your left
-  Go all the way along that corridor
- It's straight in front of you.  It's right in front of you.



Preposition(전치사)

- a word that is used before a noun, pronoun, or gerund to show place, time, direction etc. 
 명사, 대명사, 또는 동명사 앞에 사용되는 단어로, 장소, 시간, 방향 등을 표시 합니다.
   eg. In the phrase 'the trees in the park', 'in' is a preposition.
   Gerund - a noun in the form of the present participle(현재 분사) of a verb,
                  for example 'shopping' in the sentence  'I like shopping.'
                 동사의 현재 분사의 형태의 명사, 예를들어 '쇼핑'은 문장에서 'I like shopping' 으로 
                 쓰인다.
                 동명사(동사에 -ing를 붙여 만든 명사. I preferred travelling alone에서 travelling 같은 것)
              ex.  I enjoy listening to music.
                    I like running.
                    I like hiking.
                    I'm interested in listening to music.
                    I'm good at treating people when they get sick.
- To describe the place where something is, we use preposition such as ( in, on, on top, 
   at the top/bottom of, inside/outside, near, next to, by, in front of, behind, opposite, under, over,
   at, on the left/ right)
 무언가가 있는 곳을 설명하기 위해, 우리는 ( )와 같은 전치사를 사용합니다.  
   eg.  The shop's near the entrance, on the right of reception.
          The toilet are at the bottom of the stairs, on the left.
- To talk about movement, we use prepositions such as( up, down, into, out of, away, from, to,
  through, across, along, past, back to, around, left/right.)
 움직임에 대해 이야기하기 위해, 우리는 ( )와 같은 전치사를 사용합니다.
  eg.  Go through the swing doors, turn left along the corridor, and the coffee bar's in front of you.
- Prepositions of movement are used with verbs of movement such as (go, come, take, push, carry.)
 움직임를 나타내는 전치사는 ( )와 같은 동사와 함께 사용합니다.
  eg.  Can you take these files back to the office, please?
         To get from here to surgery, you have to wheel the trolley through three wards.







AROUND = in a circular direction

I've driven around this neighborhood three times and I still can’t find their house.

AT = in the (general) direction of (..에서)

The little boy threw a stone at the little girl.

AWAY FROM = leaving a place, a person or an object

She ran away from home when she was sixteen.

DOWN = descending motion

Raindrops ran down the windscreen making it difficult to see the road.

DOWN TO = descending motion expressing a final destination

The child fell down to the ground.

FOR = having the view or destination of

The Israelites set out for The Promised Land when they left Egypt.
그들이 이집트를 떠날 때 이스라엘 백성은 약속의 땅을 위해 밖으로 설정합니다.

INTO= a destination within something

The frightened deer disappeared into the forest.

ONTO= a destination on something

He put the plate onto the table and began to eat his dinner.
OUT OF = a destination outside of something

He ran out of the room as if he were on fire.

TO = in the specific direction of

To the hospital, please. And hurry! This is an emergency.
Could you give this DVD to Jill, please?

TOWARDS = in the general direction of

We were driving towards the city center when we had an accident.

UP = ascending, in a general motion

The smoke from the fire went up into the sky.

UP TO = ascending, expressing specific destination

You'll be able to reach the cat if you climb up to the top of the tree.



** Special Note ** 


When you shout at someone. (You are angry)
When you shout to someone. (You want to attract their attention.)

You throw the ball at someone. (You want to hit them with the ball.)
You throw the ball to someone. (You want them to have it, you give it to them.)
http://advanced-english-grammar.com/prepositions-of-direction.html

 




www.englishpage.com/prepositions/direction_prepositions_1.htm

www.englishpage.com/prepositions/direction_prepositions_2.htm


Picture A





Picture B




In picture A                                                                    In picture B
There is a jug and a bowl on the bedside cabinet.               There is a glass and a bowl on the bedside
                                                                                         cabinet.
The handle is on the patient's right.                                   The handle is on the patient's left.
The cabinet is closed.                                                       The cabinet is open.
The wall lamp is switched on.                                            The wall lamp is switched off.
There is a jug on the floor.                                                 There is a pot on the floor.
The wheelchair is folded up.                                             The wheelchair is opened out.
The curtain is fully drawn across.                                      The curtain is half drawn across.
There is medication on the top shelf of the trolley.             There are sheets on the top shelf of the trolley.
There are syringes and bandages on the bottom shelf        There are syringes and scissors on the bottom
of the trolley.                                                                      of the trolley.
The nurse is taking the patient's blood pressure.                 The nurse is taking the patient's temperature.
The nurse is wearing a fob watch.                                      The nurse isn't wearing a fob watch.                                                                              The crutches are leaning against the bedside cabinet.




Vocabulary
specimen - a sample of blood, urine, tissue, etc. collected for lab analysis.


Play another guessing game of describing and explaining medical equipments and different departments in the hospital.